When buying a home, how the property is classified has a big impact on your finances. The home you choose as your primary residence comes with certain tax benefits and mortgage rates that might save you a lot of money over time. However, misclassifying your home could end up costing you, so it’s important to know the difference.
In this guide, we’ll explain how homes are classified, what qualifies as a primary residence, and the financial implications for homeowners. Understanding these details can help you make more informed decisions and avoid costly oversights, whether you’re buying, refinancing, or selling.
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When it comes to taxes and lending, homes generally fall into one of three classifications: primary (or principal) residence, secondary residence, or investment property. Each classification affects your taxes and mortgage differently.
Primary residence: This is your main home — the one where you live for the majority of the year. It often comes with the best mortgage rates and some significant tax breaks, like the mortgage interest deduction and capital gains exclusion when you sell.
Secondary residence: Also known as a vacation home, this is a property you live in part-time. It doesn’t come with all the same tax perks as a primary residence, but you can still deduct mortgage interest (as long as the home isn’t rented out).
Investment property: This is a home you own to generate rental income or capital gains. Mortgage interest rates tend to be higher for investment properties, and you won’t qualify for the same tax deductions as a primary home.
What qualifies as a primary residence?
For a home to be considered your primary residence, it needs to meet several qualifications that both the IRS and mortgage lenders use to determine eligibility. These rules help clarify whether a home truly serves as your main residence.
Rules that test a primary home
Time spent in the home: You must live in the home for the majority of the year.
Address on legal documents: Your primary home is typically the address you use on your tax returns, driver’s license, and voter registration.
Location of work or school: Living near your place of employment or your children’s school can support your claim of primary residency.
Utilities and bills: Regular utility usage and payments for services like water, electricity, and internet at the property can show you reside there.
Proximity to family and community: Living close to where your family or primary social activities take place is also a common indicator.
When buying a primary residence home
Purchasing a home classified as your primary residence can come with several financial benefits that help make homeownership more affordable in the long run. Let’s explore how classifying your home as primary can impact your mortgage rates, taxes, and other costs.
Lower interest rates: Mortgage lenders typically offer lower interest rates for primary homes compared to second homes or investment properties. This is because lenders view a primary home as less of a risk — since it’s where you live most of the time, you’re more likely to stay on top of payments.
Eligible for mortgage interest tax deduction: One of the biggest tax perks of owning what the IRS calls a “principal residence” is the ability to deduct the interest you pay on your mortgage. This deduction applies to interest paid on mortgages up to $750,000 (or $1 million if you bought the home before December 15, 2017). Over time, this can add up to significant savings.
Can have lower property taxes: In many cases, primary residences qualify for lower property tax rates compared to second homes or investment properties. Local governments often offer tax exemptions or reductions, such as homestead exemptions, for primary homes, which can help you save money each year.
May receive local property tax benefits: Depending on where you live, your primary residence may qualify for additional local property tax benefits, like caps on property tax increases, senior exemptions, or veteran benefits. Check with your local tax assessor’s office to see what’s available.
When refinancing a primary residence home
Refinancing your primary home can also come with financial benefits, especially when it comes to locking in a better mortgage rate or continuing to claim tax deductions.
Refinance loan interest rate: Similar to purchasing, lenders often offer lower interest rates when you refinance a primary property compared to other types of properties. Refinancing can help you secure a lower monthly mortgage payment or a shorter loan term, which can save you thousands of dollars over the life of the loan.
Mortgage interest tax deduction: The mortgage interest deduction applies not only when you first purchase your home, but also if you refinance your loan. As long as the mortgage amount doesn’t exceed the tax cap of $750,000, you can continue deducting interest from your taxable income, even after a refinance.
When selling a primary residence home
Selling a home classified as your primary residence offers one of the most substantial tax advantages — capital gains tax exclusions. Here’s how it works.
Capital gains tax: When you sell a primary residence, you may be able to exclude up to $250,000 of profit from capital gains taxes if you’re single, or up to $500,000 if you’re married and filing jointly. This exclusion is only available for homes classified as a “primary,” and it can save you a significant amount of money if your home has appreciated in value.
2-out-of-5-year rule: To qualify for the capital gains exclusion, you must meet the 2-out-of-5-year rule. This means you need to have lived in the home as your main house for at least two of the past five years leading up to the sale. If you meet this requirement, you can exclude up to the maximum amount of capital gains, even if you didn’t live in the home for the full five years.
