Logan, whose remarks are closely watched by investors given her prior role managing the central bank's asset portfolio at the New York Fed, said she's increasingly concerned that inflation progress could stall out. 

"In light of these risks, I believe it's much too soon to think about cutting interest rates," the Dallas chief said Friday in prepared remarks for an event at Duke University. "I will need to see more of the uncertainty resolved about which economic path we're on."

Fed officials "should remain prepared to respond appropriately if inflation stops falling," she added.

Fed Governor Michelle Bowman also expressed her concern about potential upside risks to inflation on Friday. She continues to expect price pressures will cool further with interest rates held at current levels, but reiterated that it's "still not yet" time to lower borrowing costs. 

Logan's remarks suggest she is among a sizable contingent of policymakers who expect two or fewer rate cuts in 2024. She spoke hours after government data showed U.S. payrolls rose in March by the most in nearly a year and the unemployment rate declined.

"There's no urgency right now," Logan said in a question-and-answer session with Duke professor and former Fed board senior adviser Ellen Meade following her speech. "We have time to wait and to see the incoming data and see how financial conditions are evolving."

Moving Sideways

Fed officials left interest rates unchanged in a range of 5.25% to 5.5%, a more than two-decade high, at their March meeting. Most policymakers have said they want to see more data to be confident that inflation is sustainably returning to their 2% goal.

"To be clear, the key risk is not that inflation might rise — though monetary policymakers must always remain on guard against that outcome — but rather that inflation will stall out and fail to follow the forecast path all the way back to 2% in a timely way," Logan said.

Prices rose faster than hoped in January and February, increasing concern among some officials that progress on inflation is petering out. While the median of 19 policymakers still penciled in three rate cuts for this year in economic estimates released following the Fed's meeting last month, nine participants saw two or fewer reductions.

Atlanta Fed President Raphael Bostic said Wednesday he expects just one rate cut this year in the fourth quarter, and Minneapolis Fed President Neel Kashkari said it may not be necessary to lower borrowing costs if inflation stops cooling and the economy remains robust.

"If we continue to see inflation moving sideways, then that would make me question whether we needed to do those rate cuts at all," Kashkari said Thursday.

Neutral Rate

Beyond the inflation data, Logan said she's concerned that monetary policy may not be holding back the economy as much as most forecasts assume. That could mean the so-called neutral rate of interest — one that neither slows nor stimulates the economy — is higher.

"Economic and financial evidence is accumulating that the long-run neutral rate has likely moved up," she said.

Bowman also flagged that it's "quite possible" the neutral rate will be higher than before the pandemic.

"If that is the case, fewer rate cuts will eventually be appropriate to return our monetary policy stance to a neutral level," Bowman said. 

Uncertainties in measuring things like the neutral rate and other economic developments, including a surge in immigration that's likely contributing the country's output, mean it's more useful to focus on inflation data right now than jobs figures, Logan added.

Payrolls swelled by 303,000 in March, topping all estimates, government data showed Friday. The unemployment rate edged lower to 3.8%, wages grew at a solid clip, and workforce participation rose, underscoring the enduring strength of the labor market. 

Balance Sheet

Logan also repeated that it may be appropriate for the central bank to soon start slowing down the pace at which it lets assets mature off its balance sheet. Policymakers discussed the potential slowdown at their March meeting and some Fed watchers expect that process to begin in the coming months.

Logan said the Fed would likely lower the cap for how much in Treasury securities it rolls off the balance sheet every month, while leaving the cap for mortgage-backed securities unchanged. 

"I don't think we should really move the mortgage cap because keeping it there sends that signal that we are headed toward a primarily Treasury portfolio," Logan said. "So my sense is that what we're talking about is reducing the Treasury cap and slowing the pace of the Treasury runoff."