Every few years, you should stain your wooden deck to improve its appearance and protect the wood from rot. But don’t just slap a coat of stain on in a hurry — you’ll need to clean your deck before staining it.

If you stain a deck without cleaning and prepping it first, the results will look blotchy, uneven, and, well, amateur. Any time you save skipping the cleaning stage, you’ll spend twice over repairing the botched job.

“Homeowners can clean, repair, and restain a deck themselves, but it’s a lengthy project that may take an entire weekend, or multiple weekends – although much of this is drying time,” explains top real estate agent Rick Fuller, who works with 74% more homes than the average agent in Antioch, CA.

If you’re ready to invest a weekend revamping your deck DIY-style, follow these steps on how to clean a deck before staining to pull off the job like a pro!

Step 1: Pick the right stain type

Deck stains come in three different formula types, all of which come with their unique benefits and drawbacks:

Water-based exterior stains (including acrylic stains)

Pros:

• More durable to better protect wood
• Dry quickly
• Easy to clean off once the stain has set (only soap and water needed)

Cons:

• More opaque than oil-based stains, so reveal less of the wood grain
• Offer no protection against wood rot (best used on rot-resistant woods like cedar, cypress, and redwood)
• Do not last as long as other stains — not ideal for high traffic areas like a deck

Oil-based exterior stains (alkyd stains)

Pros: 

• Deeply penetrate the wood
• Less likely to wear away under heavy foot traffic
• Enhances the natural woodgrain, rather than coating over it like a water-based stain
• Repel water to protect the deck from moisture damage
• Often more affordable than water-based stains

Cons: 

• Require a solvent for cleanup rather than soap and water
• Not as environmentally friendly as other stain types

Hybrid exterior stains (blend of alkyd and acrylic stains)

Pros: 

• As durable and as easy to use as water-based stains
• Easy to clean off once the stain has set (only soap and water needed)
• Highlight woodgrain
• Repel water to protect the deck from moisture damage
• Environmentally friendly

Cons:

• Slower dry time than water-based stains
• Does not hide damaged wood as well as more opaque formulas

Stain transparency

Aside from formula, stains also vary in transparency. Make sure you buy enough stain to cover the deck with as many coats as the instructions recommend. Use this deck stain calculator to figure out exactly how much you need.

Do not underbuy — if you wait too long to apply later purchased stain, you’ll be able to see the divide between the first and second round of staining.

Here are the three levels of stain transparency:

• Semi-transparent stains: Also known as a translucent stain, many homeowners prefer this type of stain since it adds color and hides imperfections, yet still allows the natural wood grain to shine through.

• Solid stains: Solid stains provide the best coverage to hide the damage on dinged-up decks. A solid stain is also ideal for repaired decks with a mix of old wood and replacement boards.

• Restoration stains: Restoration stains apply well on aging wood because the formula is thicker, filling in the cracks and imperfections. The downside is that this stain type allows little of the natural wood grain to shine through.

Step 2: Check the weather (and your stain’s prep instructions)

“There are some seasons and weather conditions that are better than others for staining a deck, so you really need to read through the manufacturer’s requirements on your stain to make sure that you know how and when to properly apply it,” advises Fuller.

It’s common sense to check the weather before starting a major outdoor project like cleaning and staining a deck, but you’re not just checking to make sure that there’s no rain in the forecast.

For starters, even though spring and summer are when people use their decks the most, those seasons are not the best time to start a restaining project. In summer, the temperatures are often too high. In spring, deck wood still holds too much winter moisture, causing the deck stain to stay on the surface rather than penetrate the water-saturated wood.

Experts recommend staining on a day when the temperature is between 50 degrees and 80 degrees. Cleaners need to remain wet for some time to remove stains and mildew and penetrate the wood. Direct sunlight dries out the solvents before they have time to work. Avoid applying the stain on a humid day since moisture in the air slows the drying time.

If your deck gets a lot of direct sunlight, wait for an overcast day that’s not too humid to clean and stain your deck. Alternatively, invest in a canopy tent that you can adjust to shade your deck throughout the day.

Step 3: Make repairs and refinish the wood as needed

If you’ve ever run your hand along your deck railing and had your skin ripped by an errant splinter, you know the damage that loose nails and screws can do when cleaning a deck.

“Before you clean the deck, you need to tighten any loose screws or nails and replace any damaged wood. Otherwise, you might tear your mop or your brush halfway through the cleaning process,” advises Fuller.

While replacing damaged or rotten deck boards is a larger DIY project, tightening screws and pounding in loose nails are both relatively easy tasks. Nails are notorious for coming loose on outdoor decks as temperature shifts cause nail holes to open wider than the nail itself. Should you discover that many of your deck nails are loose, pry them out and replace them with outdoor-rated screws longer than the original nails.

Step 4: Clear the deck of furniture and debris

Use a broom that’s outdoor and rough-surface rated to remove dirt buried in the nooks and crannies of weathered wood. If you fail to do so, grime and gunk will get caught in your stain applicators and ruin your stain.

Should you have easy access to the underside of your deck, take a wide paintbrush and run it between planks to knock loose all dirt and debris.

If you don’t have easy access to your deck’s underside, insert a “screw in hook” into the end of a broom handle and run it along each expansion groove. The hook can pull out or knock loose debris.

Step 5: Apply the cleaner

Once you clear loose debris and surface dirt, you’re ready to do the heavy-duty cleaning. For that, you’ll need the right cleaner.

For decks with minimal damage, stains, and mildew, you’re good to go with an all-in-one deck cleaner. Decks with tougher stains need stronger cleaners.

There are four main types of cleaners to choose from to deep clean the dirtiest decks:

• Sodium hypochlorite: If mildew is your deck’s biggest enemy, sodium hypochlorite is what you need. This solid white powder chemical is essentially a bleaching agent that kills mildew — but it won’t do much to eliminate other stains. FYI: Don’t dump this powder directly on your deck. You need to mix sodium hypochlorite with an ammonia-free detergent and rinse the deck thoroughly after using it, or the solution will erode the wood. For this reason, you’ll find strong warnings against using this on wood decks, so proceed with caution.

WARNING: while both are bleaching agents, sodium hypochlorite is NOT the same as liquid household bleach.

• Sodium percarbonate:  Sodium percarbonate is a safer bleaching agent that’s one of the most frequently recommended deck cleaners. You mix the chemical with water to create a solution of hydrogen peroxide (an oxygen-based bleach) and sodium carbonate, which works like a detergent. Products like Penofin’s Pro-Tech Wood Cleaner combine these agents to remove dirt and mildew from your deck.

• Oxalic acid: If your deck is made from cedar or redwood, you can remove iron and brown-black tannin stains with oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is both a cleaner and a brightener but it’s only really effective on either cedar or redwood. Although derived from common vegetables, oxalic acid is quite toxic, so use proper protective gear if you work with this cleaner.

• Sodium hydroxide: More commonly known as lye, sodium hydroxide is so potent that it’s often used as a wood stripper to remove both paint and sealer. This caustic cleaner is found in many pump spray deck cleaners because it doesn’t need a power of a power washer to be effective. Just know that sodium hydroxide turns most wood decks black, so you’ll need to apply either citric or oxalic acid to the deck after cleaning it to restore the wood to its natural hue.

Choose efficient cleaning tools

What you use to apply the cleaner is just as important as the cleaning agent.

“Some people use a mop to mop on the cleaner to the deck, while others prefer using paintbrushes, or you can spray it on. Some homeowners even use pads designed to slide along a two by six or two by four board that protrudes into the grooves in between the deck boards for better coverage,” explains Fuller.

Once you’ve applied the coat of cleaner to the deck, you need to let it set for at least 15 minutes until it seeps into the wood. If you live in a dry climate or if you’re cleaning and staining on a particularly low-humidity day, periodically lightly mist your deck with water for optimal results. A superfine mister attachment on your garden hose will do the trick.

While the deck is wet, check it over for any black spots that signal mold or mildew and treat areas appropriately. Also, check for signs of water beading on the surface, which likely indicate mill glazing that you must sand off before you stain.

Step 6: Scrub and rinse

Once the cleaner has had enough time to work on your deck surface, scrub the deck down to knock loose embedded dirt that can ruin your staining application. Save time and energy by using a deck cleaning brush that hooks up to your garden hose so that you don’t need to worry about keeping the deck wet as you scrub.

After scrubbing down every inch of your deck surfaces, thoroughly rinse the deck down with a garden hose sprayer attachment that lets you control the power, direction, pattern, and water flow. This type of sprayer lets you adjust settings to get in all the nooks and crannies of your deck without the wood-gouging intensity of a power washer.

Step 7: Apply the brightener ASAP!

Wood cleaners and strippers increase the pH levels in your wood, causing it to darken or even blacken. A brightener lowers the pH level to restore the wood to its natural color. It also acts as an agent to open the wood’s pores so that the surface is more receptive to the stain.

You want the brightener to penetrate the wood as deeply as possible, so it’s best to apply it while the deck is still wet after rinsing off the cleaning agent.

After the brightening agent has done its job (see manufacturer instructions to determine how long to allow the brightener to work), thoroughly rinse away the brightener. If you do not adequately rinse away the brightener, it will continue lowering the wood’s pH level, which can also hinder the wood from absorbing the stain.

“It typically takes a period of time for the cleaner to work before it’s ready for the brightener,” explains Fuller. “After the brightener goes on, there’s another period of drying and preparation before you’re ready to stain.”

While there are many deck brighteners on the market, you may want to purchase a cleaning and brightening set to ensure that both agents work well together.

Does your deck really need restaining?

Some cleaning and brightening solutions might restore your deck, and you won’t need to restain.

“Some decks that aren’t properly maintained take on a dark brown or even black color and appear much older than they are due to the discoloration,” explains Fuller.

“Many times, homeowners find that products designed to clean decks bring back the original wood color, even if it’s discolored from the sun. These products typically have both a cleaner and a brightener that restore the deck by opening the pores of the wood.”

Use the same garden hose sprayer attachment that you used to rinse away the cleaner to rinse off the brightener. While you may be tempted to use a power washer to do this, don’t. Even at the lowest setting, power washers may gouge or scar your deck. They also force the water deep into the wood, which may take days to dry thoroughly.

Even if you just use a regular hose to rinse down your deck after cleaning and brightening, you should wait at least 24 hours before using the deck to ensure it’s completely dry.

As soon as your deck is dry, you’re ready to start staining!